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A complete textbook covering all aspects of microprocessors and microcontrollers. This book is based on Microprocessor 8085, 8086 and Microcontroller 8051. All other related microprocessors and microcontrollers, such as 80186, 80286, 80386, Pentium-4, ARM and PIC, are also discussed. A review of important terms and concepts is given at the end of each chapter. Each chapter also includes questions and problems.Broadly the book covers:The evolution of microprocessor, digital concepts, number systems and their conversion, logic gates and combinational logic and circuits, complements, multiplexers-demultiplexers, Flip-Flops, counters, registers, analog/digital conversion counters, registers, analog/digital conversionMicroprocessor 8085 and 8086 architecture, pin configuration, instructions set, stack and subroutines, addressing modes, interrupts, machine cycles and bus timings, control signals, peripheral I/O instructions, memory segmentation, ?ag register, minimum mode 8086 system and timings, assembler directives and operatorsInterfacing devices, data transfer schemes, interfacing and I/O devices, programmable peripheral interface (PPI), programmable keyboard/display interface (Intel 8279) centronix parallel communication, RS-232C, UART, programmable interval timer 8253, 8254, 8257 and 8259Microprocessor applications, seven-segment LED display, microprocessor-based traf?c control, data acquisition systems, analog to digital (A/D) converter, traf?c signal controller, digital to analog converterMicroprocessor 80XXX architecture, pin configuration, instructions set, addressing modes, interrupts, multitasking and comparison with different microprocessorsMicrocontroller 8051, MCS-51 family overview, architecture, basic registers, counters and timers, timer counter interrupts, serial data input/output, addressing modes, push and pop opcodes, instructions set, arithmetic operations, programming and testing the design, real-time operating systems (RTOS)ARM, AVR and PIC microcontrollers, architecture, programming model, registers and ?ags, exception and interrupt modes, instructions set, PIC microcontrollers, PIC16F84 microcontroller, EEPROM data memory, PIC16CXX microcontrollersEmbedded systems, programming using Keil software, and instruction sets for 8085, 8086 and 8051.