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This book is designed to give a comprehensive understanding of the subject, starting from the basics. No prior knowledge is assumed. After giving a historical introduction to the subject, a review of the various experimental tools to understand nanoscale materials is presented. This is followed by specific areas which cover theoretical basis of nanoscale phenomena, advanced nanomaterials, novel properties of materials at this length scale, new applications and societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Table of Contents Part One: Introduction 1. Nano: The Expanding Horizon Part Two: Experimental Methods of Investigation 2. Electron Microscopies 3. Scanning Probe Microscopies 4. Photoelectron Spectroscopy for the Study of Nanomaterials 5. Structure of Materials by Diffraction Techniques 6. Electroanalytical Techniques 7. Raman Scattering 8. Miscellaneous Techniques Part Three: Synthesis 9. Synthesis of Nanomaterials Part Four: Understanding Nanosystems 10. Theoretical Understanding of Nanosystems Part Five: Advanced Nanomaterials 11. Quantum Clusters of Gold 12. Nanoparticle Crystals 13. Anisotropic Nanomaterials 14. One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Nanorods and Nanowires 15. Assembly of Anisotropic Nanostructures 16. Dendritic Nanostructures 17. Nanohybrid Systems Part Six: Nanotechnology: Some Examples 18. Silicon MOS Transistor from Micro to Nano 19. Molecular Electronics 20. Nanolithography 21. Nanomagnetism 22. Nanobiology 23. Optical Nonlinearity in Nanoscale Materials 24. Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 25. Catalysis Using Transition Metal Nanoclusters 26. Nanofluids for Cooling Technology Part Seven: Nano and Society: A Dialogue 27A. Nano and World Societies Societal Aspects of Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology 27B. Nano-Generated Wealth and World Societies Nano-Economics: A New Socioeconomic Divide? 27C. Nanomaterials: World Societies and the Natural Environment The Rise of Nanotoxicology 27D. Nano-Politics: Governance and Regulation of Nanotechnoscience Policy Debates and Public Engagement Part Eight: Appendices: A Practical Course on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology