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About The Author: K C Malhotra, an Anthropologist and human ecologist has taught in Pune University and Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata. He has carried out extensive research on anthropological and ecological dimensions among tribals, dalits, nomads of the country. He has authored over 20 books/monographs and has published over 350 research articles in Indian and foreign journals. He is the fellow of the Indian National Science Academy and Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangaluru. He was President of Indian Society of Human Genetics. He has served as a member or Chairman on various committees of Department of Science and technology, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Planning Commission, etc. …….Singru Hontal, a Kondh tribal, was born and brought up in village Kondhpungar in Koraput district of Odisha. He studied upto class seven. Presently, he is leader of People's Organisation and facilitator for village development. He on his own initiative acquired exceptionally knowledge of biodiversity and its conservation. He has received training in a number of aspects of rural development (sustainable agriculture, health and sanitation, PRI's, agroforestry, PBR, etc.). Since 1992 he has facilitated a wide range of development activities in his village: formation of Peoples Organisation, establishment of grain and gene bank and self help groups, land development, low carbon agriculture, herbal garden, solar energy, sanitation etc. Due to his dynamic leadership he has transformed Kondhpungar in to a model village in south Orissa. Contents: CONTENTS: # Preface 13 Acknowledgements 17 Acronym 19 List of Tables 21 List of Figures 27 List of Plates 29 1. Kondhpungar Village 33 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Village Profile 1.3. Geographical Area 1.4. People • Kondhs • Kuvi Kondh 1.5. Education 1.6. Languages Spoken 1.7. Land Holding Pattern 1.7.1. Interhousehold Variation in Total Land Holdings 1.8 Sources of Livelihood • Annual Income Among the Households• Income From Livestock • Inco