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Plasma-processed biomimetic structures are an extremely focused and small subset of biomimetics. Although other methods can also be adopted, experimental synthesis of biomimetic structures mainly focuses on plasma processing. This book deals with the theoretical description of photonic structures available in nature, and the physics and applications of biomimetic structures prepared in the laboratory. It discusses anti-reflection properties of moth eye- or cicada wing-type nanostructured materials on semiconductor surfaces, with emphasis on plasma fabrication procedures. It also explains, with the help of related theories, the superhydrophobic or hydrophilic wetting properties demonstrated by most of these natural structures. It discusses biomedical applications, especially in implants, as one of the key applications of such materials. The book focuses mainly on plasma processing of biomimetic nanostructures and is, therefore, different from similar books that are more general in nature. It presents essential schematics, sufficient details, and advanced instrumentation techniques that would help readers understand why these structures are considered so important in materials science and physics.