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BRS Embryology, Fifth Edition is a succinct outline-format review for USMLE and course exams, with review questions at the end of each chapter and a comprehensive USMLE-style examination at the end of the book. The text outlines the important facts and concepts tested on the USMLE, within the context of human embryologic development. The book also includes radiographs, sonograms, computed tomography scans, and photographs of various congenital malformations. This edition has been updated and includes new, additional USMLE-style questions. Clinical images have been placed closer to the relevant text. About the Author Ronald W Dudek PhD, Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC Table of Contents 1. Prefertilization Events I. Sexual Reproduction II. Chromosomes III. Meiosis IV. Oogenesis: Female Gametogenesis V. Spermatogenesis: Male Gametogenesis VI. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 2. Week 1 of Human Development (Days 1&ndash7) I. Fertilization II. Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation III. Implantation IV. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 3. Week 2 of Human Development (Days 8&ndash14) I. Further Development of the Embryoblast II. Further Development of the Trophoblast III. Development of Extraembryonic Mesoderm IV. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 4. Embryonic Period (Weeks 3&ndash8) I. General Considerations II. Further Development of the Embryoblast III. Vasculogenesis (De Novo Blood Vessel Formation) IV. Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) V. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 5. Cardiovascular System I. Formation of Heart Tube II. Primitive Heart Tube Dilations III. The Aorticopulmonary (AP) Septum IV. The Atrial Septum V. The Atrioventricular (AV) Septum VI. The Interventricular (IV) Septum VII. The Conduction System of the Heart VIII. Coronary Arteries IX. Development of the Arterial System X. Development of the Venous System Study Questions Answers and Explanations 6. Placenta and Amniotic Fluid I. Formation of the Placenta II. Placental Components: Decidua Basalis and Villous Chorion III. Placental Membrane IV. The Placenta as an Endocrine Organ V. The Umbilical Cord VI. Circulatory System of the Fetus VII. Amniotic Fluid VIII. Twinning IX. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 7. Nervous System I. Overview II. Development of the Neural Tube III. Neural Crest Cells IV. Placodes V. Vesicle Development of the Neural Tube VI. Histogenesis of the Neural Tube VII. Layers of the Early Neural Tube VIII. Development of the Spinal Cord IX. Development of the Myelencephalon X. Development of the Metencephalon XI. Development of the Mesencephalon XII. Development of the Diencephalon, Optic Structures,and Hypophysis XIII. Development of the Telencephalon XIV. Development of the Sympathetic Nervous System XV. Development of the Parasympathetic Nervous System XVI. Development of the Cranial Nerves XVII. Development of the Choroid Plexus XVIII. Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System Study Questions Answers and Explanations 8. Ear I. Overview II. The Internal Ear III. The Membranous and Bony Labyrinths IV. Middle Ear V. External Ear VI. Congenital Malformations of the Ear Study Questions Answers and Explanations 9. Eye I. Development of the Optic Vesicle II. Development of Other Eye Structures III. Congenital Malformations of the Eye Study Questions Answers and Explanations 10. Digestive System I. Overview II. Derivatives of the Foregut III. Derivatives of the Midgut IV. Derivatives of the Hindgut V. Anal Canal VI. Mesenteries Study Questions Answers and Explanations 11. Respiratory System I. Upper Respiratory System II. Lower Respiratory System Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 12. Head and Neck I. Pharyngeal Apparatus II. Development of the Thyroid Gland III. Development of the Tongue IV. Development of the Face V. Development of the Palate VI. Development of the Mouth VII. Development of the Nasal Cavities VIII. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 13. Urinary System I. Overview II. Development of the Metanephros III. Relative Ascent of the Kidneys IV. Blood Supply of the Kidneys V. Development of the Urinary Bladder VI. Development of the Female Urethra VII. Development of the Male Urethra VIII. Clinical Considerations IX. Development of the Suprarenal Gland Study Questions Answers and Explanations 14. Female Rrproductive System I. The Indifferent Embryo II. Development of the Gonads III. Development of the Genital Ducts IV. Development of the Primordia of External Genitalia V. Tanner Stages of Female Sexual Development VI. Clinical Considerations Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 15. Male Reproductive System I. The Indifferent Embryo II. Development of the Gonads III. Development of the Genital Ducts IV. Development of the Primordia of External Genitalia V. Tanner Stages of Male Sexual Development VI. Clinical Considerations VII. Summary Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 16. Integumentary System I. Skin II. Hair and Nails III. Mammary, Sweat, and Sebaceous Glands IV. Teeth Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 17. Skeletal System I. Skull II. Vertebral Column III. Ribs IV. Sternum V. Bones of the Limbs and Limb Girdles VI. Osteogenesis VII. General Skeletal Abnormalities Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 18. Muscular System I. Skeletal Muscle II. Smooth Muscle III. Cardiac Muscle IV. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 19. Upper Limb I. Overview of Development II. Vasculature III. Musculature IV. Nerves: The Brachial Plexus V. Rotation of the Upper Limb VI. Skeletal Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 20. Lower Limb I. Overview of Development II. Vasculature III. Musculature IV. Nerves: The Lumbosacral Plexus V. Rotation of the Lower Limb VI. Skeletal Study Questions for Chapter Answers and Explanations 21. Body Cavities I. Formation of the Intraembryonic Coelom II. Partitioning of the Intraembryonic Coelom III. Positional Changes of the Diaphragm IV. Clinical Considerations Study Questions Answers and Explanations 22. Pregnancy I. Endocrinology of Pregnancy II. Pregnancy Dating III. Pregnancy Milestones IV. Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures V. Fetal Distress During Labor (Intrapartum) VI. The APGAR Score VII. Puerperium VIII. Lactation IX. Small-for-Gestational Age (SGA) Infant X. Collection and Storage of Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Study Questions Answers and Explanations 23. Teratology I. Introduction II. Infectious Agents III. TORCH Infections IV. Childhood Vaccinations V. Category X Drugs (Absolute Contraindication in Pregnancy) VI. Category D Drugs (Definite Evidence of Risk to Fetus) VII. Chemical Agents VIII. Recreational Drugs IX. Ionizing Radiation Study Questions  Answers and Explanations Comprehensive Examination Credits Index