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Gene or genome editing is barely two decades old, but its impact is palpable in every discipline of biological sciences, especially basic and applied biomedical researches. It enables a planned and precise alterations in genome sequences as well as controlled activation or repression of selected gene functions. Base editors based on CRISPR-Cas system were created a couple of years ago, and they permit permanent conversion of the single targeted base pair into another base pair. The potential of this powerful discipline are testified by its contributions in the form of gene therapies of otherwise intractable human diseases and improved crop varieties with novel traits. The present book is designed to provide the basic principles of gene editing as well describe its realized and potential applications. The book targets biologists in general and geneticists, biomedical researchers and plant breeders in particular. It is hoped that it will be useful to post-graduate students, research scholars and research workers concerned with analyses of biological phenomena and development of strains with novel and useful traits Table of Contents 1. DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Physical and chemical mutagenesis 1.3. Transgenic technology 1.4. In vitro site-directed mutagenesis 1.5. Endogenous gene suppression 1.6. Gene targeting based on embryonic stem cells 1.7. In vivo site-directed mutagenesis by site-directed nucleases 1.8. The SDN technology 1.8.1. The SDN-1 technology 1.8.2. The SDN-2 technology 1.8.3. The SDN-3 technology 1.9. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis 1.10. Base editing 1.11. Modulation of gene action 1.12. Gene drives 1.13. Ethical issues relevant to gene editing 1.14. Regulation of gene editing 1.15. Achievements 1.16. Future perspectives 1.17. Conclusions 2. MEGNUCLEASES AND CHIMERIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Homing endonucleases 2.3. Meganucleases 2.4. Redesigning meganucleases for novel genomic sites 2.5.