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Agriculture has always been the backbone of human civilization, sustaining societies and shaping economies across the globe. In the 21st century, however, the sector faces unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Rapid population growth, climate change, resource depletion, technological innovation, and shifting consumer demands are transforming the way food, fiber, and other agricultural products are produced, processed, and distributed. Alongside core farming practices, allied fields such as horticulture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, food processing, and agri-business are also gaining renewed importance in ensuring sustainability, nutrition security, and rural development.This edited volume, Developing Agriculture and Allied Fields in the 21st Century, brings together diverse perspectives from researchers, practitioners, and educators to explore current trends, innovative practices, and emerging solutions. The book emphasizes the integration of traditional knowledge with modern science and technology, highlighting the potential of precision farming, biotechnology, digital tools, and sustainable land-use systems. At the same time, it recognizes the critical role of policy, socio-economic factors, and community participation in shaping agricultural futures.Each chapter in this volume addresses specific dimensions of agricultural development and its allied disciplines—ranging from crop improvement and soil health management to climate-smart practices, agribusiness models, and value chain development. By bridging theory and practice, the contributions aim to provide readers with actionable insights that can inform research, education, and field-level interventions.