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SolidState Physics, the largest branch of condensed matter physics, is the study of rigid matter, or solids. The bulk of solidstate physics theory and research is focused on crystals, largely because the periodicity of atoms in a crystalits defining characteristicfacilities mathematical modelling, and also because crystalline materials often have electrical, magnetic, optical, or mechanical properties that can be exploited for engineering purposes. In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. New materials are generally discovered from the empirical effort of mixing elements under varying conditions of heat, pressure, and so on, an experiment which has become fundamental to contemporary solidstate physics research. This book has been designed keeping in mind the need for graduate as well as post with a handy referral on the subject.