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Petroleum geochemistry is the application of chemical principles to the study of the origin, migration, accumulation, and alteration of petroleum. Petroleum is generally considered oil and natural gases having various compounds composed of primarily hydrogen and carbon. They are usually generated from the decomposition and/or thermal maturation of organic matter. The organic matter originated from plants and algae. The organic matter is deposited after the death of the plant in sediments, where after considerable time, heat, and pressure the compounds in the plants and algae are altered to oil, gas, and kerogen. Kerogen can be thought of as the remaining solid material of the plant. The sediment — usually clay and/or calcareous ooze, hardens during this alteration process into rock, i.e. shale and/or limestone. The shale or limestone rock containing the organic matter is called the source rock because it is the source, having generated the petroleum. Petroleum Geoscience is a comprehensive introduction to the application of geology and geophysics to the search for and production of oil and gas. Petroleum Geoscience covers a broad range of subjects; geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and also integrates with Petroleum Engineering and Chemical Engineering. An attempt is made in this book to introduce to the readers the important aspects of petroleum geochemistry and geosciences. It is intended that this book will prove to be an indispensable companion to the students and teachers of geochemistry and geosciences.