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Highlighting the growing applications of free radicals in key chemical, biological and medical processes. Over the last two decades the application of free radicals in organic synthesis, materials science and life science has steadily increased, this Encyclopedia presents methodologies and mechanisms  involving free radicals of chemical and biological research, including applications in materials science and medicine. The aim of this Encyclopedia is to offer for the first time a description of free radicals within an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary context, connecting structural characteristics and chemical properties to their applications in different areas of chemistry and related disciplines. It covers not only basic concepts and chemical synthesis, but also touches on various aspects concerning the role of free radicals in materials and life sciences. The reader will find a balanced contribution of topics related to free radicals covering for example, their role in proteomics, genomics and lipidomics as well as their enormous potential in synthesis and technology. Covers topical areas such as: Alzheimer's disease and antioxidants in food within medicine and life sciences Synthesis and catalysis, combustion and atmospheric chemistry within chemistry Ageing and signalling in biological processes Of interest to anybody working in the field of free radicals in the broadest sense. It will address scientists who want to enter the interdisciplinary field of free radicals. In particular, it is aimed primarily at chemists and life science researchers who want to gain a wider and deeper understanding of free radicals which will allow them to apply free radicals in their own scientific field. Table of Contents VOLUME 1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGIES Preface List of Contributors Abbreviations and Acronymns 1 The History of Free Radical Chemistry Thomas T. Tidwell 2 Overview of Radical Initiation Jacques Lalevée and Jean Pierre Fouassier 3 Basic Concepts on Radical Chain Reactions Michael S. Sherburn 4 Thermochemistry and Hydrogen Transfer Kinetics Andreas A. Zavitsas 5 Radical Kinetics and Clocks Martin Newcomb 6 Radical Rearrangements: Ester-Substituted Radicals and Hydrogen Atom Migrations Kaname Sasaki, Ian Cumpstey and David Crich 7 Analysis of Radicals by EPR John C. Walton 8 Structures and Reactivity of Radicals Followed by Magnetic Resonance Alexandra Yurkovskaya, Olga Morozova and Georg Gescheidt 9 Matrix Isolation of Radicals Artur Mardyukov and Wolfram Sander 10 Supramolecular Radical Chemistry Marco Lucarini 11 Redox Properties of Radicals David C. Magri and Mark S. Workentin 12 Photo Induced Radical Reactions Julia P´erez-Prieto and Miguel A. Miranda 13 Radical Cation/Anion and Neutral Radicals: A Comparison Amber N. Hancock and J. M. Tanko 14 The SRN1 Reaction Javier I. Bardagí, Victoria A. Vaillard and Roberto A. Rossi 15 Photoinduced Reactions of Radical Ions via Charge Separation Shunichi Fukuzumi and Kei Ohkubo 16 Radiation-Induced Radical Reactions Krzysztof Bobrowski 17 Free Radical Chemistry in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Ilya A. Shkrob and James F. Wishart 18 Radical Stability—Thermochemical Aspects Johnny Hioe and Hendrik Zipse 19 Radical Chemistry in the Gas Phase Christian Alcaraz, Ingo Fischer and Detlef Schröder 20 Atmospheric Radical Chemistry Paul H. Wine and J. Michael Nicovich VOLUME 2: SYNTHETIC STRATEGIES AND APPLICATIONS 21 Tin Hydrides and Functional Group Transformations Hannelore Jasch and Markus R. Heinrich 22 Silanes as Reducing Reagents in Radical Chemistry Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu and Vitaliy I. Timokhin 23 Boron in Radical Chemistry Philippe Renaud 24 Intramolecular Homolytic Substitutions in Synthesis Sara H. Kyne and Carl H. Schiesser 25 Stereoselective Radical Reactions Yong-Hua Yang and Mukund P. Sibi 26 Unusual Cyclizations Kerry Gilmore and Igor V. Alabugin 27 Radical Cascade Reactions Alexandre Baralle, Abdulkader Baroudi, Marion Daniel, Louis Fensterbank, Jean-Philippe Goddard, Emmanuel Lacôte, Marie-Hélène Larraufie, Giovanni Maestri, Max Malacria and Cyril Ollivier 28 Main-Group Elements in Radical Chemistry Alexandre Baralle, Abdulkader Baroudi, Marion Daniel, Louis Fensterbank, Jean-Philippe Goddard, Emmanuel Lacôte, Marie-Hélène Larraufie, Giovanni Maestri, Max Malacria and Cyril Ollivier 29 Organic Electron Donors John A. Murphy 30 Organic Synthesis Using Samarium Diiodide Susannah C. Coote, Robert A. Flowers II, Troels Skrydstrup and David J. Procter 31 Manganese(III) Acetate, CAN, and Fe(III) Salts in Oxidative Radical Chemistry Jonathan W. Burton 32 Halogen and Chalcogen Transfer Chemistry Chaozhong Li 33 Xanthates and Related Derivatives as Radical Precursors Samir Z. Zard 34 Epoxides in Titanocene-Mediated and -Catalyzed Radical Reactions Andreas Gansäuer and André Fleckhaus 35 Transition Metals and Radicals Hideki Yorimitsu 36 Unusual Radical Acceptors Piero Spagnolo and Daniele Nanni 37 Radical Arylations Santiago E. Vaillard and Armido Studer 38 Nitroxides in Synthetic Radical Chemistry Chittreeya Tansakul and Rebecca Braslau 39 Radicals and Carbohydrates Inés Pérez-Martín and Ernesto Suárez 40 Electrochemically Initiated Radical Reactions Martin A. Bohn, Anna Paul and Gerhard Hilt 41 Synthetic Radical Photochemistry Emmanuel Riguet and Norbert Hoffmann 42 Radical Chemistry by Using Flow Microreactor Technology Takahide Fukuyama and Ilhyong Ryu VOLUME 3: CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 43 Biological Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species Christine C. Winterbourn 44 Reactions of Small Reactive Species with DNA Nicholas E. Geacintov and Vladimir Shafirovich 45 Oxidatively Generated Nucleobase Modifications in Isolated and Cellular DNA Jean Cadet, Thierry Douki, Didier Gasparutto, Jean-Luc Ravanat and J. Richard Wagner 46 Oxidatively Formed Sugar Radicals in Nucleic Acids Thanasis Gimisis and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu 47 Understanding DNA Radicals Employing Theory and Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy Amitava Adhikary, Anil Kumar, David Becker and Michael D. Sevilla 48 Charge Transfer in DNA Mamoru Fujitsuka and Tetsuro Majima 49 Oxidative Damage to Proteins Michael J. Davies 50 Radical-Based Damage of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acid Residues Christian Schöneich 51 Electron Transfer in Peptides and Proteins Bernd Giese, Sonja Eckhardt and Miriam Lauz 52 Radical Enzymes Wolfgang Buckel and Bernard T. Golding 53 Theoretical Studies of Radical Enzymes Gregory M. Sandala, David M. Smith and Leo Radom 54 Lipid Peroxidation Etsuo Niki 55 Lipid Isomerization Carla Ferreri and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu 56 Antioxidants in Chemistry and Biology Luca Valgimigli and Derek A. Pratt 57 Free Radicals and Metabolic Disorders Guy Cohen, Yael Riahi and Shlomo Sasson VOLUME 4: POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 58 Radical Polymerization in Industry Peter Nesvadba 59 Kinetics of Polymerizations Michael Buback and Gregory T. Russell 60 Fundamentals of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 61 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization and its Applications Didier Gigmes and Sylvain R. A. Marque 62 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) and Addition (ATRA) and Applications Tomislav Pintauer and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski 63 Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization: Mechanism, Process and Applications Christopher Barner-Kowollik, James P. Blinco, Mathias Destarac, Kristofer J. Thurecht and S´ebastien Perrier 64 Sb, Bi, Te, and I-Transfer Polymerization and Applications 1931 Shigeru Yamago and Eiichi Kayahara 65 Spin Labels and Spin Probes David Bardelang, Mica¨el Hardy, Olivier Ouari and Paul Tordo 66 Radical Thiol–X Click Chemistry Niels ten Brummelhuis and Helmut Schlaad 67 Conducting Polymers: Applications in Electronics and Photovoltaics Huanli Dong and Wenping Hu 68 Silicon Radical Surface Chemistry Bart Rijksen, Mabel A. Caipa Campos, Jos M. J. Paulusse and Han Zuilhof 69 Persistent and Stable Silyl Radicals Boris Tumanskii, Miriam Karni and Yitzhak Apeloig 70 Physical Properties of Thiazyl Radicals Toward Conductive and Magnetic Materials Kunio Awaga 71 Polyradicals in Batteries Kenichi Oyaizu and Hiroyuki Nishide 72 Radical Chemistry on Fullerenes Manolis D. Tzirakis and Michael Orfanopoulos 73 A Paradigm for the Radical-Mediated Photochemical Synthesis of Metal Nanostructures Juan C. Scaiano, Kevin G. Stamplecoskie, Katherine L. McGilvray and Natalia L. Pacioni Author Index Subject Index