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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty presents new and surprising findings about career differences between female and male full-time, tenure-track, and tenured faculty in science, engineering, and mathematics at the nation's top research universities. Much of this congressionally mandated book is based on two unique surveys of faculty and departments at major U.S. research universities in six fields: biology, chemistry, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mathematics, and physics. A departmental survey collected information on departmental policies, recent tenure and promotion cases, and recent hires in almost 500 departments. A faculty survey gathered information from a stratified, random sample of about 1,800 faculty on demographic characteristics, employment experiences, the allocation of institutional resources such as laboratory space, professional activities, and scholarly productivity. This book paints a timely picture of the status of female faculty at top universities, clarifies whether male and female faculty have similar opportunities to advance and succeed in academia, challenges some commonly held views, and poses several questions still in need of answers. This book will be of special interest to university administrators and faculty, graduate students, policy makers, professional and academic societies, federal funding agencies, and others concerned with the vitality of the U.S. research base and economy.Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Status of Women in Academic Science and Engineering in 2004 and2005 3 Gender Differences in Academic Hiring 4 Professional Activities, Institutional Resources, Climate, andOutcomes 5 Gender Differences in Tenure and Promotion 6 Key Findings and Recommendations Appendixes Appendix 1-1: Biographical Information on Committee Members Appendix 1-2: List of Research I Institutions Appendix 1-3: Committee Meeting Agenda Appendix 1-4: The Surveys Appendix 1-5: Survey Instruments Appendix 1-6: Departments in Survey Appendix 2-1: Review of Literature and Relevant Research Appendix 2-2: Previous Research on Factors Contributing to GenderDifferences Among Faculty Appendix 3-1: Review of Literature and Research on FactorsAssociated with a Higher Proportion of Female Applicants Appendix 3-2: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences forthe Probability That There Are No Female Applicants Appendix 3-3: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Basedon the Modeled Probability of the Percentage of Applicants That AreFemale Appendix 3-4: Estimated Adjusted Mean Effects and Differences Basedon the Modeled Probability of at Least One Female CandidateInterviewed Appendix 3-5: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by All Doctoral-GrantingInstitutions, by Field, Gender, and Year Appendix 3-6: Doctoral Degrees Awarded by Discipline and Gender forResearch I Institutions, 1999-2003 Appendix 3-7: Marginal Mean and Variance of Transformed ResponseVariables Appendix 3-8: Main Considerations for Taking a Position by Numberof Respondents Saying "Yes" Appendix 4-1: Distribution of Undergraduate Course Load for Facultyby Gender and Discipline Appendix 4-2: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Do No GraduateTeaching Appendix 4-3: Percentage of Faculty Members Receiving a ReducedTeaching Load When Hired Appendix 4-4: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on anUndergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee Appendix 4-5: Percentage of Faculty Members Who Served on andChaired an Undergraduate Thesis or Honors Committee Appendix 4-6: Distribution of Number of Graduate Thesis or HonorsCommittees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty:Men/Women Appendix 4-7: Percentage of Time Spent in Administration orCommittee Work on Campus and Service to the Profession Outside theUniversity for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research IInstitutions: Men/Women Appendix 4-8: Distribution of Number of Service Committees forResearch I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty: Men/Women Appendix 4-9: Mean Salary by Gender and Professorial Rank forTenure and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Appendix 4-10: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty inResearch I Institutions Receiving Summer Support Appendix 4-11: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty inResearch I Institutions Receiving Travel Funds Appendix 4-12: Median Square Footage of Lab Space of Faculty WhoReport Doing Experimental Work Appendix 4-13: Faculty Who Have Received More Lab Space Since Hire(Values Are Percentages) Appendix 4-14: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty inResearch I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Equipment Appendix 4-15: Number of Postdoctorate Students for Tenured andTenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (presented by Menand Women) Appendix 4-16: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty inResearch I Institutions Receiving Sufficient Clerical Support Appendix 4-17: Percentage of Faculty Members Stating That They Hada Mentor Appendix 4-18: Distribution of the Number of Graduate Students forTenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions(presented by Men and Women) Appendix 4-19: Mean Number of Articles Published in RefereedJournals (sole and co-authored) Over the Past 3 Years for Tenuredand Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Appendix 4-20a: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding byDiscipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an AssignedMentor - Assistant Professors Only Appendix 4-20b: Estimated Probability of Having Grant Funding byDiscipline, Gender, and Whether the Faculty Member Has an AssignedMentor - Associate Professors Only Appendix 4-21: Percentage of Faculty Missing Salary Data by Genderand Discipline Appendix 4-22: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty atResearch I Institutions That Were Nominated for at Least One Award Appendix 4-23: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Research IFaculty with Offers to Leave Appendix 4-24: Percentage of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty atResearch I Institutions Planning to Leave or Retire Appendix 5-1: Knowledge of Tenure Procedures by Gender, Rank, andPresence of a Mentor Appendix 5-2: Detailed Tenure Information from Departmental Survey Appendix 5-3: Time Spent in Both Assistant and AssociateProfessorships Appendix 5-4: Years Between Starting Employment and AchievingAssociate Professor Status, by Gender Appendix 5-5: Years Between Starting Employment and Achieving FullProfessor Status, by Gender Appendix 5-6: Patterns of Nonresponse for Tenure Decisions Appendix 5-7: Patterns of Nonresponse for Promotion Decisions Bibliography Index