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Heavy oil is a crude oil of typically less than 20 DegreesAPI gravity and higher than 200 cp (centipoise) viscosity at reservoir conditions. It is characterised by a viscous, dense, and asphaltic nature. Heavy oil reservoirs are considered as some of the worlds largest reserves. Extraction, recovery, and production of heavy oil are the main challenges in the heavy oil industry. This book provides current research on heavy and crude oils.