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This volume contains the proceedings of an NSF/Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS) regional conference on Hodge theory, complex geometry, and representation theory, held on June 18, 2012, at the Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, TX. Phillip Griffiths, of the Institute for Advanced Study, gave 10 lectures describing now-classical work concerning how the structure of Shimura varieties as quotients of Mumford-Tate domains by arithmetic groups had been used to understand the relationship between Galois representations and automorphic forms. He then discussed recent breakthroughs of Carayol that provide the possibility of extending these results beyond the classical case. His lectures will appear as an independent volume in the CBMS series published by the AMS. This volume, which is dedicated to Phillip Griffiths, contains carefully written expository and research articles. Expository papers include discussions of Noether-Lefschetz theory, algebraicity of Hodge loci, and the representation theory of SL2(R). Research articles concern the Hodge conjecture, Harish-Chandra modules, mirror symmetry, Hodge representations of Q-algebraic groups, and compactifications, distributions, and quotients of period domains. It is expected that the book will be of interest primarily to research mathematicians, physicists, and upper-level graduate students.