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Vegetable seeds are the tiny living units from which all vegetable plants originate. They are the reproductive structures produced by mature vegetable plants through the process of fertilization. Each seed contains the embryo of a future plant, stored food reserves, and a protective outer covering called the seed coat. The embryo is a miniature plant with a root (radicle), stem (plumule), and one or more seed leaves (cotyledons) that develop into the mature vegetable plant when the seed germinates.In addition to their agricultural importance, vegetable seeds hold economic and environmental value. They form a significant part of the global seed industry and contribute to food security by ensuring a consistent supply of nutritious vegetables. Environmentally, growing vegetables from seeds promotes sustainability by encouraging local cultivation, reducing dependence on processed foods, and improving biodiversity in gardens and farms.