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IGNOU CHR 12, here's a condensed guide to help you grasp the essentials of "Human Rights in India":Constitutional Framework:Indian Constitution guarantees fundamental rights (Part III) and directive principles (Part IV) as pillars of human rights protection.Fundamental rights include right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, right to life and personal liberty, etc.Legal Framework:Legal provisions such as the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 establish the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to safeguard human rights.Various legislations address specific human rights issues like child labor, bonded labor, and discrimination.Judicial System:Indian judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding human rights through judicial activism and landmark judgments.Supreme Court and High Courts interpret and enforce constitutional provisions related to human rights.Human Rights Issues:Gender inequality: Addressing issues like gender-based violence, discrimination, and lack of equal opportunities.Caste-based discrimination: Combatting caste-based atrocities and promoting social inclusion and equality.Religious freedom: Ensuring freedom of religion and protection of religious minorities.Rights of marginalized groups: Protecting the rights of tribal communities, Dalits, LGBTQ+ individuals, and persons with disabilities.Human Rights Violations:Despite legal safeguards, human rights violations persist in India, including police brutality, custodial deaths, extrajudicial killings, and violations of freedom of expression.Challenges in implementation and enforcement of human rights laws lead to impunity and lack of accountability.