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This volume contains the proceedings of the international colloquium organized by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in January 2016, one of a series of colloquia going back to 1956. The talks at the colloquium covered a wide spectrum of mathematics, ranging over algebraic geometry, topology, algebraic $K$-theory and number theory. Algebraic theory, $\mathbb{A}^1$-homotopy theory and topological $K$-theory formed important sub-streams in this colloquium. Several branches of $K$-theory, like algebraic cycles, triangulated categories of motives, motivic cohomology, motivic homotopy theory, Chow groups of varieties, Euler class theory, equivariant $K$-theory as well as classical $K$-theory have developed considerably in recent years, giving rise to newer directions to the subject as well as proving results of ``classical'' interest. The colloquium brought together experts in these various branches and their talks covered this wide spectrum, highlighting the interconnections and giving a better perspective of the whole subject area. This volume contains refereed articles by leading experts in these fields and includes original results as well as expository materials in these areas.