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To what extent and how should the post-communist countries in Europe revive and make use of their older traditions and cultures in their management reform? This book discusses this question. Post-communist countries need new management principles and methods, but simple imitations of German, French, Swedish, American or Japanese models will not work. On the other hand, simple revival of pre-communist traditions may not suffice. Pre-communist cultures in Russia and Poland, a case study of successful pre-communist management in Czechoslovakia, political and social distortions under communism in Russia, Poland and Romania, a more continuous evolution in Hungary are presented. After examining concrete situations, the book explores some theoretical considerations such as whether various deviant activities under distorted systems are adaptive or maladaptive, functional of dysfunctional, with a comparison with insights gained from cases in China, Latin America and Indonesia.