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Modular forms have long played a key role in the theory of numbers, including most famously the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Through its quest to unify the spectacularly successful theories of quantum mechanics and general relativity, string theory has long suggested deep connections between branches of mathematics such as topology, geometry, representation theory, and combinatorics. Less well-known are the emerging connections between string theory and number theory. This was indeed the subject of the workshop Modular Forms and String Duality held at the Banff International Research Station (BIRS), June 3-8, 2006.Mathematicians and physicists alike converged on the Banff Station for a week of both introductory lectures, designed to educate one another in relevant aspects of their subjects, and research talks at the cutting edge of this rapidly growing field. This book is a testimony to the BIRS Workshop, and it covers a wide range of topics at the interface of number theory and string theory, with special emphasis on modular forms and string duality. They include the recent advances as well as introductory expositions on various aspects of modular forms, motives, differential equations, conformal field theory, topological strings and Gromov-Witten invariants, mirror symmetry, and homological mirror symmetry. The contributions are roughly divided into three categories: arithmetic and modular forms, geometric and differential equations, and physics and string theory. The book is suitable for researchers working at the interface of number theory and string theory.