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Niebuhr's lectures on Roman history Vol. I presents a critical exploration of the early development of Rome, rooted in a rigorous examination of historical narratives and sources. Through the lens of lectures delivered at Bonn, the work initiates a deep intellectual inquiry into the origins of Rome, its societal structures, and the evolution of its political institutions. The volume opens with reflections on the value of skepticism and analysis in historical study, emphasizing the role of critical thinking in challenging traditional accounts. It carefully dissects the reliability of ancient sources, calling attention to the biases and limitations inherent in early Roman writers. Niebuhr outlines the methodological necessity of differentiating myth from history, urging readers to consider the interpretative nature of recorded pasts. He focuses on the civic and institutional transformations that defined early Rome, blending scholarly analysis with philosophical reflection. The volume's foundation rests on evaluating how collective memory and narrative shape civilization’s self-understanding. It ultimately serves not just as a chronicle of Roman beginnings but as a reflection on the craft of historical inquiry and the layered complexity of reconstructing antiquity through fragmented and often politicized accounts.