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Toothpaste is a viscous paste or gel, an indispensable component of daily oral hygiene, designed to be used in conjunction with a toothbrush to cleanse and protect teeth and gums. Its primary functions include removing food debris and dental plaque, combating bad breath, and delivering active ingredients to prevent common oral health issues like cavities, gum disease (gingivitis), and tartar buildup. While ancient civilizations used rudimentary forms of tooth-cleaning pastes made from various abrasive materials, modern toothpaste formulations are far more sophisticated. Key ingredients typically include mild abrasives (such as calcium carbonate or silica) to polish teeth and remove surface stains, detergents (like sodium lauryl sulfate) for foaming action and even distribution, humectants (like glycerin or sorbitol) to prevent drying, flavorings for taste and fresh breath, and crucially, fluoride, which strengthens tooth enamel and helps remineralize early decay. Specialized toothpastes also exist, targeting concerns such as tooth sensitivity, whitening, or enhanced plaque and gingivitis control.