3 Review(s)

Paper 1: History of PhilosophyWestern PhilosophyAncient: Plato and Aristotle, including their ideas on forms, substance, and causation. Modern:Rationalism: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz on knowledge, substance, and mind-body dualism. Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume on the theory of knowledge, self, and skepticism. Kant: His critique of reason, categories, and proof for God's existence. Hegel: Dialectical method and absolute idealism. Modern Analytic Philosophy: Moore, Russell, and early Wittgenstein (logical atomism, picture theory), Logical Positivism, and later Wittgenstein (language-games). Phenomenology: Husserl's method and theory of essences. Existentialism: Kierkegaard, Sartre, and Heidegger on existence, authenticity, and temporality. Indian PhilosophyCovers themes such as the Darshanas (schools of Indian philosophy), theory of knowledge (Mimamsa), and other topics like the nature of God and the soul. Paper 2: Socio-Political Philosophy and Philosophy of Religion Socio-Political PhilosophySocial and Political Ideals: Equality, justice, and liberty. Sovereignty: Theories from thinkers like Austin, Bodin, Laski, and Kautilya. Individual and State: Concepts of rights, duties, and accountability. Forms of Government: Monarchy, theocracy, and democracy. Political Ideologies: Anarchism, Marxism, and socialism. Humanism, Secularism, and Multiculturalism: . Crime and Punishment: Including corruption, mass violence, genocide, and capital punishment. Development and Social Progress: . Caste and Gender Discrimination: Discussions on caste discrimination (Gandhi and Ambedkar) and gender discrimination (female foeticide, rights, empowerment). Philosophy of ReligionNotions of God: Attributes and relationship to humanity. Proofs for God's Existence: Arguments and critiques. Problem of Evil: . Soul: Immortality, rebirth, and liberation. Faith and Reason: The role of revelation and faith. Religious Experience: Nature and object. Religion without God: . Religion and Morality: . Religious Pluralism: and the problem of absolute truth. Nature of Religious Language: Analogical, symbolic, cognitivist, and non-cognitive theories.