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Political Science And International Relations Optional Paper 1 & 2 By VAJIRAM & RAVI For UPSC Mains Examination Paper I: Political SciencePolitical Theory and Thought:This section covers foundational concepts like the meaning and approaches to political theory, theories of the state, justice, equality, rights, and democracy. It also includes political ideologies such as liberalism, socialism, Marxism, Gandhism, and feminism. Indian Government and Politics:This part delves into the evolution of the Indian political system, the making of the Indian Constitution, its salient features, and the structure and functions of the Union government. It also covers topics like federalism, grassroots democracy, and the role of caste, religion, and ethnicity in Indian politics. Paper II: International RelationsComparative Politics:This section involves the comparative study of political systems, focusing on state structures, political processes, and the politics of representation and participation in different countries. International Relations:This part explores the theories of international relations, the evolution of the international political order, the international economic system, and the role of regionalism and globalization. It also covers the United Nations system, India's foreign policy, and its relations with various global powers and regions, particularly South Asia. Key areas within the syllabus:Political Theory: Concepts like power, ideology, and legitimacy are crucial. Indian Political Thought: This includes figures like Kautilya, Gandhi, and Ambedkar. Western Political Thought: This includes thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Marx. Comparative Politics: This involves comparing political systems across different countries. International Relations: This includes theories, the Cold War, globalization, and contemporary global concerns. India and the World: This covers India's foreign policy, its role in international organizations, and its relationships with various countries and regions. Tips for preparation:Focus on conceptual clarity: A strong understanding of the core concepts is essential. Develop analytical skills: The ability to analyze and synthesize information is crucial. Stay updated on current affairs: International relations and Indian politics are constantly evolving. Practice answer writing: Regular practice is key to mastering the art of writing analytical answers. Refer to standard books and materials: Utilize resources like NCERT books, standard textbooks, and relevant journals. Seek guidance from experienced teachers and mentors: This can help you stay on track and clarify your doubts.