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Magnesium citrate is a compound of magnesium carbonate and citric acid that is marketed as a supplement to treat magnesium deficiency. Your body requires the mineral to function efficiently. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in your body. Roughly half of the body's magnesium is in bones and teeth, while the other half resides in the cells of body tissues and organs. The mineral plays a central role in more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body, maintaining normal nerve and muscle function, supporting a healthy immune system and keeping your heart beat steady. Magnesium also plays a part in protein synthesis and energy metabolism.