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Indian cow dung cakes, known as "goitha" or "upla" in Hindi, are traditional household fuel sources in India. These cakes are made from cow dung, dried, and shaped into flat discs or patties for use as a combustible material.Widely used in rural areas, these cakes hold cultural significance and practical utility. They serve as an eco-friendly and cost-effective fuel for cooking and heating purposes in households, especially in regions where other fuel sources might be scarce or expensive.The process of making cow dung cakes involves collecting fresh cow dung, which is then shaped into discs or patties and left to dry in the sun. Once dried, they become sturdy and are used as fuel for cooking stoves or traditional earthen ovens called "chulhas."Despite their humble origin, cow dung cakes have several advantages. They burn slowly and evenly, producing a steady heat ideal for cooking. Additionally, burning cow dung is believed to have insect-repelling properties, making it beneficial in some households.While modern energy sources have become more prevalent in urban areas, in rural parts of India, these cow dung cakes continue to be a vital and accessible fuel source, reflecting a deep-rooted cultural tradition and practical solution for cooking and heating needs.