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Textbook of Agricultural Microbiology & Phytoremediation is a comprehensive academic resource that explores the critical role of microorganisms in agriculture and environmental restoration. The book begins with a foundational overview of microbiology, defining the field, its broad applications, and its historical milestones including the germ theory, fermentation, vaccination, and early theories about the origin of life. It then delves into the intricate structure and nutritional requirements of bacteria, explaining cell components and various metabolic strategies such as chemoautotrophy and photoautotrophy, along with microbial growth dynamics. The section on microbial genetics outlines key processes like transformation, conjugation, and transduction that facilitate genetic recombination in microbes. Moving forward, the textbook introduces genetic engineering, highlighting the use of plasmids and episomes in agriculture, and discussing the development and impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A major focus is placed on bioremediation and phytoremediation—natural strategies using microbes and plants to rehabilitate degraded soils—detailing microbial and plant-based remediation pathways. Additionally, the book examines biological control mechanisms and the use of biopesticides, emphasizing the role of microbial antagonists and the practical applications of these agents in managing plant diseases. Each chapter is carefully structured to offer theoretical knowledge as well as real-world agricultural applications. Rich in scientific insights, this textbook is ideal for students, researchers, and professionals in agricultural science, microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental science. It not only fosters a deep understanding of microbial functions in agriculture but also promotes sustainable practices for soil health and plant protection.