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Dryland agriculture holds a pivotal role in ensuring food security and sustainable development, particularly in regions characterized by erratic rainfall, high temperatures, and water scarcity. With nearly 40% of the world’s arable land falling under dryland conditions, addressing the unique challenges and leveraging the opportunities in these areas has become a critical priority for agricultural scientists, policymakers, and practitioners alike.This textbook, Dryland Agriculture and Watershed Management, is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles, practices, and technologies that are integral to managing dryland ecosystems effectively. It is tailored to meet the academic and practical needs of students, researchers, and professionals engaged in agriculture, environmental science, and rural development.The content of this book is organized into key thematic areas. It begins with an overview of dryland agriculture, discussing its significance, characteristics, and challenges. Subsequent chapters delve into soil and water conservation techniques, crop management strategies, and integrated watershed development approaches. Special emphasis is placed on climate-resilient practices, sustainable land use, and the socio-economic aspects of dryland farming. Case studies and real-world examples are interwoven throughout the text to illustrate the practical application of theoretical concepts.