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The Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-II offers an in-depth exploration of the biochemical and phytochemical foundations of medicinal plants and their constituents. It begins with a comprehensive introduction to metabolic pathways in higher plants, detailing the Shikimic acid, acetate, and amino acid pathways, and their role in forming essential secondary metabolites. The text further delves into advanced biogenetic studies, highlighting the use of radioactive isotopes to track metabolic transformations. Key secondary metabolites are examined, covering their chemical composition, sources, therapeutic uses, and commercial applications. Examples include alkaloids from Vinca and Opium, phenylpropanoids like tea flavonoids, and bioactive steroids and glycosides found in plants such as Digitalis and Liquorice. The book also emphasizes volatile oils, tannins, resins, and glycosides, with an extensive look at their roles in traditional and modern medicine. Advanced chapters guide readers through the isolation, identification, and analysis of significant phytoconstituents like menthol, glycyrrhetinic acid, and reserpine, utilizing techniques in chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrophoresis. The book concludes with insights into industrial production and applications of compounds like artemisinin, caffeine, and taxol, shedding light on their estimation and pharmaceutical potential. This textbook is an essential resource for students and professionals in pharmacognosy, providing foundational knowledge and practical applications for the study of plant-derived bioactive compounds.