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Ad hoc and sensor networks are decentralized wireless systems designed for specific, often temporary, tasks without relying on fixed infrastructure. Ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by devices communicating directly with one another, making them useful in military operations, disaster recovery, and remote areas. Each node in an ad hoc network acts as both a host and a router, forwarding data to other nodes.Sensor networks, a subset of ad hoc networks, consist of numerous sensor nodes that monitor physical or environmental conditions like temperature, sound, or pressure. These nodes collect data and transmit it to a central location for processing. They are widely used in applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and industrial automation.Both networks face challenges related to limited power, scalability, bandwidth constraints, and security. However, their flexible, self-configuring nature makes them ideal for dynamic and mission-critical applications in both civilian and military domains.