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The book covers how the anthropological ideas emerged; first, in the writings of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers; thereafter, by the renaissance scholars during the 18th century in Europe; and finally, during the mid-19th century, especially, after Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution.The book covers the contributions of all the evolutionists of the 19th century. The weaknesses of one school of thought gave rise to another; and in this way, ‘Evolutionism’ was replaced by ‘Diffusionism’, and in ascending order there emerged the schools of ‘Historical and Dialectical Materialism’, ‘Functionalism’, ‘Structure-Functionalism’, ‘Culture and Personality’ or ‘Psychological School in Anthropology’, ‘Structuralism’, ‘Cultural Ecology’, ‘New-Evolutionism’, ‘New Ethnography’, ‘Cognitive Anthropology’, ‘Anthropology of Symbolism’, ‘Interpretive Anthropology’, ‘Cultural Materialism’, ‘Postmodernism’, and ‘Human Materialism’.In addition, a number of concepts that developed in anthropology, such as, Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, Emic and Etic Studies, National Character Studies, Study of Culture at a Distance, etc., have also been discussed in the book. Above all, the life and contributions of all the major anthropologists of the world, such as, E.B. Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, James Frazer, Karl Marx, J.F. McLennan, Adolf Bastian, Emile Durkheim, A.R. Radcliffe Brown, Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski, Franz Boas, A.L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Ralph Linton, Abram Kardiner, Cora-du-Bois, Claude-Levi Strauss, Julian Steward, Leslie White, Marvin Harris, Paul Magnarella, Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida have also found place in the book.This book will indeed be beneficial to all the students, researchers, and instructors in social science in general, and anthropology, sociology, and psychology in particular.