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Unlike many other areas in health care, the practice of oncology presents unique challenges that make assessing and improving value especially complex. First, patients and professionals feel a well-justified sense of urgency to treat for cure, and if cure is not possible, to extend life and reduce the burden of disease. Second, treatments are often both life sparing and highly toxic. Third, distinctive payment structures for cancer medicines are intertwined with practice. Fourth, providers often face tremendous pressure to apply the newest technologies to patients who fail to respond to established treatments, even when the evidence supporting those technologies is incomplete or uncertain, and providers may be reluctant to stop toxic treatments and move to palliation, even at the end of life. Finally, the newest and most novel treatments in oncology are among the most costly in medicine. This volume summarizes the results of a workshop that addressed these issues from multiple perspectives, including those of patients and patient advocates, providers, insurers, health care researchers, federal agencies, and industry. Its broad goal was to describe value in oncology in a complete and nuanced way, to better inform decisions regarding developing, evaluating, prescribing, and paying for cancer therapeutics.Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Opening Remarks: What Is Value in Cancer Care and Why Is It Important? PART I: Challenges to Value in Cancer Care 3 Clinician-Patient Communication and Its Influence on Value 4 Generating Evidence About Effectiveness and Value 5 Value and the Oncology Market 6 Value in Oncology Practice: Oncologist and Health Insurer Perspectives 7 Ethical Issues and Value in Oncology PART II:Solutions for Value in Cancer Care 8 Improving Value in Oncology Practice: Ways Forward 9 Toward a Shared Understanding of Value Acronyms Glossary Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker and Moderator Biographies