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Fundamentals for the study of behaviour in any bureaucracy are the inter-related issues of motivation and control. Motivation has to do with the factors that lead individuals to act in a given setting. Types of motivating factors are commonly perceived as being significant in the actions of bureaucrats : a desire for material gain, a desire for ego satisfaction, a desire to avoid mental stress or anxiety, a desire for status recognition, a desire to avoid physical stress or discomfort, and a desire to fulfil internalized social, cultural, or religious norms. The character of a bureaucracy is greatly shaped by the dominant patterns of motivations and conrol mechanism that it uses. Control is the observe of motivation. Whereas motivation deals with the forces that lead individuals to act or avoid action in a given situation, control deals with the stimuli that mobilize those forces. This book has been designed to provide the up-to-date information regarding bureaucratic system and public policy. An attempt has been made to make this book useful for the students as well as the general readers. It will also be useful for all who are interested in this field. About the Author M G Ramakant Rao (b. 1950) is presently Coordinator (South-East Asia) for the Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP), Singapore. He obtained a Master's degree in Policial Science from the University of Madras and a doctorate in the same from the University of Calcutta. He was associated initially with the Administrative Refoms Council and subsequently with the CENTO in Istanbul, before joining his present position. He has lectured in the Universities of Durban (Sourht Africa), Penang (Malaysia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Calcuttam and several reputed institutions. He has presented papers at various national and international seminars, including Luxembourg, Canberra, New Delhi, Madrid and Colombo. His two well-known publications are "Reforming the Bureaucracy-Explorations in Multi-level Administration" and "Autonomy and the Public Goods." Prashant K Mathus is Assistant Director in the Centre for Public Enterprises and Continuing Education, New Delhi. He is an alumnus of the Allahabad University and also holds a postgraduate diploma in public administration and community development from the University of Hyderabad. He has written over a dozen papers for national and professional periodicals, and has lectured at various professional gatherings, including seminars and symposia, over the past fifteen years. He is at present engaged in writing a basic reader for postgraduate students of public administration and loval government. Table of Contents Preface Individuals and Organisations : Some Bureaucratic Perspectives Work Specification and Orientation Dynamics of Bureaucracy and Government Approaches to Public Service Adaptation Motivation and Control in Systems Reform and Adaptation Policies : Experience from Europe "Steel Frame" : Structure and Orientation Administration Options and Development : A Behavioural Analysis Administration and Development Strategies : Issues in Decision-Making Emergent Situations and Government Organisation Perspectives and Retrospectives Appendix Index