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This comprehensive and well-written text provides thorough understanding of the principles and applications of cytogenetics and genetics in an easy-to-understand style. The text is divided into Four parts. Part I on Principles of Cytogenetics deals with evolution and structure of cell, cell division and change, and structure of genetic material. Part II on Principles of Genetics provides detailed discussions on transmission, distribution and arrangement of genetic material, and evolution of species. Part III which is on Molecular Genetics discusses functions of genetic material including biotechnology and genetic engineering, and the last Part IV on Quantitative Genetics deliberates on the course of genetic material in populations. A historical approach to the subject has also been presented to show the continuity and progress. Key Features Incorporates latest and up-to-date information on the subjects covered. Provides review questions at the end of each chapter to test the understanding of the concepts discussed. Gives ample references to explore further. Includes a glossary of important terms. The book is eminently suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students of botany, agriculture, zoology and biotechnology for courses in genetics/genetics and cytogenetics. In addition, the book would also be useful to students appearing in different competitive examinations. About the Author Mahabal Ram, Ph.D., is Advisor, Directorate of Research, Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad. He has been scientist at various laboratories of ICAR in different capacities. He has developed several new varieties of crop plants, particularly wheat, rice and barley. For this outstanding contribution to the nation, he has been commended. Dr. Ram has published several research papers in national and international journals of repute. He has also authored books on Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding. His major research interests include: Genetics, Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding. Table of Contents Preface  Introduction Part I: PRINCIPLES OF CYTOGENETICS 1. Evolution of Cell 2. Cell Division 3. Organization of Chromosome and Theory of Heredity 4. Chromosomal Aberrations (Structural) 5. Chromosomal Variation (Numerical), Polyploidy and Its Evolutionary Significance Part II: PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS 6. Mendel and Principles of Heredity 7. Exceptions to Mendelian Principles of Inheritance 8. Linkage and Crossing Over 9. Evolution of Species 10. Multiple Alleles and Blood Groups 11. Sex Determination and Sex Linkage 12. Inheritance of Cytoplasmic—Genetic System 13. Gene and Environmental Adaptation 14. Genetics of Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses 15. Mutation and Mutagenesis Part III: MOLECULAR GENETICS 16. Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA): Their Structures and Functions 17. DNA Synthesis 18. Discovery of Genetic Code 19. Fine Structure of Gene 20. Gene Regulation and Expression (Transcription and Translocation) 21. Gene–Enzyme–Protein Relationship 22. Biotechnology and Transgenetic Plants 23. Plant Genetic Engineering 24. Concept of Gene Cloning and Procedure for Reconstruction of Recombinant DNA Part IV: QUANTITATIVE GENETICS 25. Concept of Probability 26. Multiple Factor Hypothesis and Polygenic Inheritance 27. Genetic Components of Variances 28. Role of Genotype and Environment in Quantitative Traits 29. Population Genetics 30. Measurement of Quantitative Characters Appendix Glossary Index