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All coffee grown in India are grown in shade and commonly with two tiers of shade. Often inter-cropped with spices such as cardamom, cinnamon, clove, and nutmeg, the coffees gain aromatics from the inter-cropping, storage, and handling functions. Blooming and maturing Coffee flower Irrigated coffee plantation Blooming is the time when coffee plants bloom with white flowers which last for about 3–4 days before they mature into seeds. When coffee plantations are in full bloom it is a delightful sight to watch. The time period between blooming and maturing of the fruit varies appreciably with the variety and the climate; for the Arabica, it is about seven months, and for the Robusta, about nine months. The fruit is gathered by hand when it is fully ripe and red-purple in colour. The Arabica species of coffee is cultivated mostly in Latin America, while the Robusta variety of C. canephora predominates in Africa. Arabica is considered a milder, more flavourful and aromatic brew than Robusta, though the latter is a hardier plant and is thus cheaper to produce. It has twice the content of Arabica and is typically the bean of choice for inexpensive commercial coffee brands. Both coffee species are also grown in India, Indonesia, and other Asian countries. There are many varieties, forms, and types of each. The effects of environment and cultivation further increase this diversity.