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The contemporary Middle East has been defined by political crises and conflict. The interplay of internal and external factors have set the region on a path of turmoil and crisis with devastating outcomes for its people. The absence of political accountability and representation, and policies pursued by the United States to keep US-friendly regimes in power have been two key factors that have contributed to the seemingly insoluble Middle East politics. This book provides a detailed exploration of the forces, internal and external, that have shaped today's Middle East. The book follows a chronological order and provides context to major political milestones. Topics explored include: * Imperialism in the Middle East * The formation of the State of Israel * The Arab-Israeli wars * Palestinian politics and the failure of the 'peace process' * The Iranian Revolution and pan-Shi'ism * Superpowers in the Middle East * The US-led 'War on Terror' * The Arab uprisings * The Syrian War and the rise of the 'Islamic State' * US-Iran relations This study puts recent developments in historical context, and will serve as a core reference tool for students and researchers of Middle Eastern Politics and International Relations.