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The aim of this book is more than giving information. It aims to cultivate the ability to think critically, understand complex concepts, and make informed, wise choices. The book is not only for science students, but for all citizens who want to promote reason, peace, and progress. Citizens with a scientific temper make better decisions and become responsible, tolerant individuals who uphold democratic values. As Nehru said, "Scientific temper is the temper of a free man." (Discovery of India) In other words, scientific temper is the very condition of freedom, whether mental, social, or political.The first chapter defines the scientific temper, outlines its characteristics, and explains its significance in society. It stresses that scientific temper is more than a way of thinking; it is a way of life that enhances both personality and the social role of every citizen. The second chapter outlines the historical background of this mindset. It demonstrates how the scientific temper has contributed to humanity's advancement in ancient, medieval, and modern times, both in India and worldwide. Famous leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru not only supported this mindset but also lived by it.The third chapter explores the conflict between scientific temper and superstition. It illustrates how superstitions—such as faith healing, the fear of planets and stars, or blind obedience to tradition—hold people and society back. A scientific temper, on the other hand, helps us accept reality, believe in facts, and strive towards self-reliance.The fourth chapter addresses a sensitive topic: the relationship between religion and science. It demonstrates that religion and scientific thinking are not always mutually exclusive. When religion is a spiritual discipline and science is a search for truth, both can coexist.