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The authors of this book present the theoretical fundamentals of atmospheric optics as a science of the propagation, transformation and generation in the atmosphere of electromagnetic radiation from the ultraviolet to microwave range of the spectrum. The main characteristics of the planets of the solar system and atmospheres are described. Special attention is given to the equation of transfer of radiation in different spectrum ranges; the absorption of radiation by atmospheric gases and aerosol, molecular, aerosol and different types of non-resonant scattering; atmospheric diffraction; reflection of radiation from the surface; and glow of the atmosphere. They present the method of calculating radiation for the solar and thermal ranges of the spectrum. The monograph will be of interest to experts working in the areas of the physics and optics of the atmosphere and also suitable for students and postgraduates studying the physics of atmosphere, meteorology, physical ecology and monitoring of the environment. Table of Contents THE SOLAR SYSTEM: PLANETS AND THE SUN The planets of the solar system Main parameters of the atmosphere of the planets Special features of the orbit of the Earth The Sun and its radiation ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH Division of the atmosphere into layers Spatial and time variability of the structural parameters of the atmosphere Gas composition of the atmosphere Atmospheric aerosol Clouds and precipitation PROPAGATION OF RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE Electromagnetic waves Intensity and radiation flux Characteristics of interaction of radiation with a medium Radiation transfer equation Complex refraction index. Polarisation of radiation. Stokes parameters Radiative transfer equation taking polarisation into account MOLECULAR ABSORPTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE The general characteristic of molecular absorption in the atmosphere of the Earth Different types of molecular absorption Absorption spectra of atmospheric gases Quantitative description of molecular absorption The shape of spectral absorption lines Quantitative characteristics of molecular absorption Molecular absorption in the Earth atmosphere LIGHT SCATTERING IN THE ATMOSPHERE Molecular scattering Scattering and absorption on aerosol particles Aerosol scattering and absorption in the atmosphere Scattering of radiation with redistribution in respect of frequency Atmospheric refraction Optical phenomena in the atmosphere OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF UNDERLYING SURFACES Main special features of reflection of radiation Quantitative characteristic of reflection of radiation (mirror reflection) Quantitative characteristics of reflection of radiation (real surfaces) Examples of the optical characteristics of underlying surfaces Emitting properties of underlying surfaces FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF TRANSFER OF ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION Transfer of thermal radiation Transmittance functions of atmospheric gases Methods of determination of transmittance functions Approximate methods of radiation transfer theory Thermal radiation fluxes Non-equilibrium infrared radiation Glow of the atmosphere MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF SOLAR RADIATION TRANSFER Multiple scattering of radiation Analytical methods in radiation transfer theory Numerical methods in the theory of radiation transfer Algorithms and programmes for calculating radiation characteristics of the atmosphere (radiation codes) RADIATION ENERGETICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE UNDERLYING SURFACE SYSTEM Solar insolation at the upper boundary of the atmosphere Radiation balance of the surface Radiation balance of the atmosphere Radiation balance of the planet Radiation factors of climate changes RADIATION AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON THE OPTICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ATMOSPHERES OF PLANETS Direct and inverse problems of the theory of transfer of radiation and atmospheric optics Remote measurement methods Classifications of remote measurement methods Remote methods of measurement based on measurements of attenuation (absorption) of radiation Remote methods using measurements of atmospheric radiation Remote measurement methods based on recording the scattered and reflected solar radiation Active remote measurements methods APPENDIX. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS IN ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS AND PHYSICS Molecular mass of dry and moist air Units of measurement of temperature, air pressure and gas composition of the atmosphere Units of measurement of the concentration of water vapour Gas content and units of measurement Units of measurement of spectral intensities in radiation fluxes Planck formula in different units Units of measurement of the coefficients of molecular scattering and absorption Units of measurement of the concentration of aerosols and volume coefficients of aerosol extinction References Index