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Nutrient recycling, habitat for plants and animals, flood control, and water supply are among the many beneficial services provided by aquatic ecosystems. In making decisions about human activities, such as draining a wetland for a housing development, it is essential to consider both the value of the development and the value of the ecosystem services that could be lost. Despite a growing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services, their value is often overlooked in environmental decision-making. This report identifies methods for assigning economic value to ecosystem services?even intangible ones?and calls for greater collaboration between ecologists and economists in such efforts.Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Meaning of Value and Use of Economic Valuation in theEnvironmental Policy Decision-Making Process 3 Aquatic and Related Terrestrial Ecosystems 4 Methods of Nonmarket Valuation 5 Translating Ecosystem Functions to the Value of EcosystemServices: Case Studies 6 Judgement, Uncertainty, and Valuation 7 Ecosystem Valuation: Synthesis and Future Directions Appendix A: Summary of Related NRC Reports Appendix B: Household Production Function Models Appendix C: Production Function Models Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographical Information